听上海金苹果双语学校国际部名誉校长谈教育

学习如何学习：素质教育的重要技能之一

如何培养有独立批判性思维的主动学习者，是知识经济时代对教育培养人才提出的新的要求。于是，学习者如何能够积极主动的学习和思考成为他们未来成功的关键，以分数高低衡量学生学习成果的旧有评估标准需要进行改进，新的标准不仅仅需要考察学生是否理解和掌握了所学习的内容和技能，还要考察他们学习的动机、探索的手段和思维的方式。所谓“关于思维的思维”是更高层次的学习，反思自己的思维模式并加以进，是达到高水平学习方式的途径。

新的知识经济时代对人才培养的新要求，凸显了“**学习”的重要性。让每一位学生都成为积极主动的探索者、思考者和终身学习者固然很难，但也是可行的，其中的一个重要条件是，每位教师也要成为积极主动的探索者、思考者和和终身学习者。

下面的文章《Learning how to learn》摘自CIE的期刊《Cambridge Outlook》第二十四期, 在文章里Tristian Stobie博士针对教育的重要属性“反思”做了简述。我同意他的观点：成功的学习方法更多的是关于态度和习惯。然而，如何改变学习者的态度和习惯是宏观目标指导下的具体行动，这是一个职业化和专业化的问题。“**学习”这个观念并非是新的，从古至今的圣贤和大学者们都给我们留下了他们不朽的著作和学问，更重要的是，他们丰富多彩的人生故事向我们展示他们在探索过程中经历过的艰难历程，这里*括了他们追求真理的态度，以及在探索、思考和研究的方式。

张铁光教授、剑桥大学博士

上海金苹果学校国际部名誉校长

剑桥国际课程发展中心**

Learning how to learn

学习如何学习

Tristian Stobie, Director of Education, reflects on the educational culture needed to produce self-aware, independent learne rs

Tristian Stobie，教育总监，产生自我意识教育文化需要的反思、自主学习者

Here at Cambridge our role is not only to produce qualifications, but also to support schools to adopt effective teaching and learning practices. And one way that we do this is through our resources and professional development activities in support of developing the Cambridge learner attributes (confident, responsible, innovative, engaged and reflective).

在剑桥，我们担任的角色不仅仅是提供资格证书，还要支持学校采取有效的教学和学习实践。我们这样做的一个方法，是通过我们的资源和专业发展活动，支持发展剑桥学习者的属性(自信、负责、创新、参与和反思)。

It is to this latter attribute, ‘reflective’, that we turn our attention in the ‘In Focus’ section of this issue of Cambridge Outlook. The following articles provide some interesting perspectives and case studies emphasising the importance of learning how to learn.

针对“反思”的属性，我们这个问题放在了本期《剑桥前景》的“焦点”部分。下面的文章提供了一些有观强调“学习如何学习”的重要性的有趣观点和案例研究。

The value of developing students’ ability to monitor and self-regulate their learning has been known for some time but the extent of learning gains associated with good practice in this area is increasingly becoming recognised. It is also important to understand that most of the most powerful teaching and learning practices are interdependent, based on helping students understand themselves as learners and the nature of the discipline they are learning. These include: clearly defining learning goals and developing an understanding of what excellence looks like; Tristian Stobie, Director of Education, reflects on the educational culture needed to produce self-aware, independent learners providing feedback that helps learners understand their progress so that they are better able to monitor it themselves and become their own teachers; self and peer assessment; teaching students self-verbalisation and self-questioning; and reciprocal teaching focused on higher-level cognitive strategies such as summarising, questioning and clarifying.

发展学生的能力以监测和自我调节学习的价值已经知道一段时间，但是学习收益程度与这个领域良好做法的关联越来越被意识到。理解最**大的教学和学习实践是相互依存的也是重要的，这以帮助学生了解作为学习者的自己和他们正在学习学科的性质为基础。这些措施*括：明确定义的学习目标和发展对于什么是卓越的理解;产生自我意识教育文化需要的反思、自主学习者的教育总监Tristian Stobie提供反馈，帮助学习者了解自己的进步，让他们能够更好地监督自己，成为自己的老师;自我和同伴评价;教学生自我口语化和自我提问;专注于更高层次认知策略的互惠教学，如归纳、质疑和澄清。

Learning habits for future success

未来成功的学习习惯

I think the author and academic Chris Watkins makes a critical point when he says that schools need to change their culture from a ‘performance orientation’ (proving competence/looking good) to a ‘learning orientation’ (making learning an object of attention, conversation and reflection). Research conducted by Watkins shows that when this is done well students perform better in public examinations as well as developing the habits and strategies needed to be successful in higher education and the modern workplace. Schools can explain to parents – who demand results measured in terms of high grades and admittance to top universities – that having a learning orientation will improve performance. It is a win–winsituation. (See my colleague Martina’s article, right, for more about current research in this area.)

我认为学术作家Chris Watkins提出了一个关键点，他说学校需要改变他们的文化，从“表现导向”(证明能力/好看)向“学习导向”( 让学习成为注意力、对话和思考的对象)。Watkins所做的研究表明，当这项**完成后，学生在公共考试中会表现得更好，同时也培养了在高等教育和现代职场中成功的习惯和策略。学校可以向家长解释——他们需要的结果是根据高分和进入**大学的方式来进行衡量的——“学习导向”会改善表现。这是一个双赢的局面。(目前更多相关研究，请见我的同事Martina的文章。)

One theme that all the In Focus articles emphasise is that successful approaches to learning are as much about attitudes and habits as they are about strategies and skills. Failure needs to be embraced as a learning opportunity. Learners need to learn to enjoy challenge and diligent purposeful practice. Teachers and schools need to have high expectations for learners with a clear understanding that teachers are learning role models.

“焦点”部分的所有文章都强调一个主题，成功的学习方法更多的是关于态度和习惯，因为它们是有关战略和技能。失败需要被视为学习的机会。学习者需要**享受挑战和勤奋有目的的实践。教师和学校需要对学习者有很高的期望，清楚地认识到教师是学习型的榜样。

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